Paroligilo (angle)

The story of Esperanto begins with a Jewish boy born 150 years ago in the city of Bialystok in Poland, then under Russian rule.
His name was Ludwik Zamenhof. In Bialystok, people from different nations lived together - Germans, Poles, Russians and Jews.
They were at odds and hated each other. This little boy had an idea - their different languages were the source of hatred, and the language differences created a barrier between the city's residents.
If they had a common language, they would probably get along, and the controversy and hatred would disappear all at once.
Many children have ideas about how to make the world better, ideas that are forgotten when they grow up.
But this boy, Ludwik Zamenhof, devoted his life to promoting a common language between humans, a language that would bridge the differences between them.
When Zamenhof was 14 years old, his family moved to Warsaw, where he went to high school. He did not forget his childhood idea of creating a common language for all the people of the world.
At that time, students studied Latin, the language which was spoken by the Romans about two thousand years ago, and which is no longer a living language.
Zamenhof was of the opinion that he had found a ready-made language, which today was considered neutral and did not belong to any nation.
But Latin was a difficult language to learn, and its grammar was very complicated. Zamenhof realized that Latin was not an appropriate solution.
He decided to try to invent a language himself, a language that would meet two requirements - it should be easy to learn and should be neutral, meaning it would not belong to any nation, so other peoples would agree to use it.
If such a task were to be given today to a committee of experts, they would argue for years about what to do, and would probably not come to any conclusion in the end, since that task is, in fact, virtually impossible.
But Zamenhof, a young high school student, decided to invent a new language by himself, and with youthful naivety integrated with genius, he succeeded.
He had a natural talent for languages (his father and grandfather had been language teachers), and he already knew several languages (Russian, Yiddish, Polish, German, English, French, Latin, and Hebrew).
Thus, in a series of original decisions and choices, Zamenhof managed to design a complete, powerful language.
A language needs grammar rules and vocabulary. What would the grammar rules of the new language be? Zamenhof thought of all the languages he knew, and decided that if he took something from each one, the result would be a complete hodgepodge.
He decided to take the opposite approach - to remove everything unnecessary from the languages he knew, thus trying to reach the simplest common base.
And so he managed to compose a complete grammar of a language with merely 16 rules which could be written on one page!
Here are the first five out of the sixteen rules of the language:
1. Each word is pronounced exactly as it is spelled.
2. Words are stressed on the second to last syllable.
3. The definite article is invariable (no change for gender, case or number).
4. Nouns always end in the letter O.
5. The personal pronouns are mi, vi, li, ŝi, ĝi, ni, ili.
You already know 5 of the 16 grammar rules of the language! In no other language in the world can one learn a third of its grammar after an hour of studying! That was exactly Zamenhof's goal - to create a language which is simple and easy to learn.
The task which remained was to gather vocabulary for the language. At first, Zamenhof thought of inventing new words.
But he knew that such an attempt had been made before, the invention of the artificial language called Volapük, in which all the words were invented - and that attempt had failed because no one could remember the words.
Therefore, Zamenhof decided to collect words from languages he knew, trying to choose as familiar words as possible, with words that appeared in more than one language being desirable.
To make learning easier, he created a set of prefixes and suffixes to be added to basic root words, so that after learning the root words, learners could compose more words on their own, using the language rules, thus reducing the need to memorize new words.
By the time Zamenhof graduated from high school, he already had a more or less ready language. The language he had created was simple, easy to learn and logical - yet precise.
Anything could be expressed by it, just like any other language. He told his friends at school about this newborn language, and some of them learned it from him and used it among themselves.
When he finished high school, he and his friends had a party at his house, during which everyone spoke in the new language.
But how could Zamenhof spread the language around the world? At this time, there were no computers, TV or Internet. The phone was a new invention in America. What chance did he have, as a single person lacking means and status, to launch a new language?