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Vortojn
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The happy prince
Esperanto
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Vortojn
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The happy prince
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Don't speak Esperanto?
- What do you read, my lord? - Words, words, words... (Shakespeare, Hamlet) Esperanto is a simple but powerful constructed language intended to be used for neutral international communication. This application is intended to enrich your vocabulary, but even if you do not know even one Esperanto word, you can still use it and learn the language! So what to do? Select the "Esperanto Grammar" button on this page, to read a brief Esperanto grammar, which covers the basics. Esperanto is very simple and logical, without exceptions, so its entire grammar holds about one page! Go to the application itself ("start learning" button below). On each page seven Esperanto words are shown. Touching a word shows its translation. But touching a word on its side shows an example sentence, which demonstrates the word in a context. How can you understand a complete sentence in Esperanto? Use the "Explain" button. A translation of the sentence will appear. Now try to understand the words. The first words and sentences are relatively simple, as the Esperanto words are displayed according to their usage frequency. Esperanto is phonetic. Every word is read exactly as it is written. Use the speaker icon next to the first example sentences to hear the correct pronunciation. Special tags above the letters change the sound values of letters, so each letter represents one sound (English sh = Esperanto ŝ; English ch = Esperanto ĉ, for example); Use the "How to learn" option in main menu to get more explanations and recommendation.
Grammar
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How to learn
"Vortojn, Vortojn, Vortojn" (Words, words, words) enables you to extend your vocabulary in Esperanto easily and systematically. It teaches the words according to their usage frequency . The vocabulary includes the most frequent 5000 words in Esperanto. Here are some recommendations on how to use this application effectively: 1. Memorize - Seven Esperanto words are shown in each screen. The frequency rating is displayed next to each one. Memorize these words. Touching a word shows its translation. Touching a word on its side shows an example sentence, which demonstrates the word in a context. Use the "Explain" button to present the translation of the example sentence. Try to understand the example phrase. Use the speaker icon next to the example sentences to hear the correct pronunciation. Use the "Next" button to see the next seven words, and "Last" button to move backwards. 2. Practice - After learning a group of words, choose the range of the selected words (by the "Range" option in the menu). Press the "random" button, to show the words in a random order and ensure you know them. Unknown words (when you checked the translation) appear more frequently. 3. Extra practice for the unknown words (once more than 10 translations have been displayed) - select the "Show unknowns" option in the main menu. Only the unknown words will be shown (the words for which you checked the translation in the Random mode). Once you feel you know these words well, reset the unknown words by using the "Reset unknowns" option in the menu. Return to show all words by the "Show all" option in the main menu. 4. Active practice - press the option "What to learn" in the main menu, and select "Examples". Now you see the example sentences one by one. Ensure you know all words. Later switch to "English" in the main menu. Now the example is shown in English. Try to say out aloud the original Esperanto sentence. You can use the "Auto play" option, to hear the sentences continuously. 5. Test yourself - Select "Test" in the main menu. Ten successive random words from the selected range will be displayed and you are asked to choose the correct translation out of four possibilities. After you complete this session, the application estimates how many words you know out of the range. Now proceed to the next words - extend the range accordingly. Try to learn each day new words (20-50 words for example), and practice all words learnt so far (by selecting the requested range). Once you know several hundred words, you can try to understand a complete story in Esperanto - choose in the "What to learn" menu the third option. The short story "The happy prince" of Oscar Wilde is shown, sentence by sentence, with translations and audio. At first read the Esperanto version several times, and understand the words. Later present the English sentences, and try to reconstruct the Esperanto translation.
Grammar
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A brief grammar
1. There is no indefinite article (English a, an); there is only a definite article "la", alike for all genders, cases and numbers (English the). Monto (mountain). La monto (the mountain). Hejmo (home). La hejmo (The home). 2. Every word is read as it is written. 3. The accent always falls on the next-to-last syllable (vowel). 4. Personal pronouns: mi (I), vi (you), li (he), ŝi (she, pronounced the same), ĝi (it, pronounced like in giraffe), ni (we), ili (they). Libro (book). Mia libro (my book). Via libro (your book). 5. All nouns end in -o. To form the plural, add the ending -j (pronounced "y"). Vorto (word), Vortoj (words). Hejmo (home, pronounced hey-mo), hejmoj (homes). 6. All adjectives end in -a. To form the plural, add the ending -j (pronounced "y"). Forta vento (strong wind). Fortaj ventoj (strong winds). 7. All Adverbs end in -e. Vero (truth), Vere (really - pronounced ve-re, as written!). 8. The verb does not change for person or number: Voli (to want). Mi volis (I wanted). Mi volas (I want). Mi volos (I will want). Mi volus (I wish I wanted). Volu! (want! a command). Li kantas bone (He sings well). 9. The basic numerals (not declined) are: unu (1), du (2), tri (3), kvar (4), kvin (5), ses (6), sep (7), ok (8), naŭ (9), dek (10), cent (100), mil (1000). Dek du (12), Dudek (20), Cent dudek tri (123). 10. The accusative ends in -n: Mi amas vin (I love you) = Vin amas mi. 11. The ending n also describes time or direction: Kie (where). iri (to go). Kien vi iras? (Where do you go to?) Mi iras hejmen (I'm going home). Esperanto has an exceptionally simple way to learn a whole set of very important and useful words - look at the "Correlatives" button below.
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Correlatives
Esperanto has a simple way to learn a whole set of very important and useful words. The way to create any of the words is to take one of the 5 beginnings, shown at the top of each column (in yellow), and add that to one of the endings, shown in the rows at the left (in light blue).
What
That
Some
Each
No
ki-
ti-
i-
ĉi-
neni-
Noun
-o
kio (what)
tio (that)
io (something)
ĉio (everthing)
nenio (nothing)
Person
-u
kiu (who)
tiu (that)
iu (someone)
ĉiu (everyone)
neniu (no one)
Kind of
-a
kia (what kind)
tia (such a)
ia (some kind of)
ĉia (every kind of)
nenia (no kind of)
Reason
-al
kial (why)
tial (therefore)
ial (for some reason)
ĉial (for all reasons)
nenial (for no reason)
Time
-am
kiam (when)
tiam (then)
iam (sometime)
ĉiam (always)
neniam (never)
Place
-e
kie (where)
tie (there)
ie (somewhere)
ĉie (everywhere)
nenie (nowhere)
Manner
-el
kiel (how)
tiel (thus, so)
iel (somehow)
ĉiel (in every way)
neniel (in no way)
Possessive
-es
kies (whose)
ties (its)
ies (someone's)
ĉies (everyone's)
nenies (no one's)
Amount
-om
kiom (how much)
tiom (that much)
iom (some, a bit)
ĉiom (all)
neniom (none)
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